8th December 2015 Berlin, Germany
Antimicrobial Resistance: the complexity of transmission
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a topic that is difficult to escape at the moment, but that’s a good thing because it means it is getting the attention that it really does need. The news recently of bacteria being found in China that were resistant to the drug of last resort – colistin – in a way which allowed them to transmit this resistance to other bacteria, has only increased fears of further world-wide spread of this phenomenon and the coming of a post-antibiotic era. It also highlights the importance of international cooperation and the need for further research into how resistance spreads – it is said that the resistance in China emerged after colistin was overused in farm animals. The AMR Review Team, chaired by Economist Jim O’Neill, has today published its latest report on antimicrobials and the environment, giving an overview of the scale of antimicrobial use in global food production and making suggestions about how policies to lower their use could be implemented. The report is well worth a read.
The S&I Network in Europe has also been busy with its fair share of events to highlight the importance of AMR, working closely with the UK Chief Medical Officer Professor Dame Sally Davies to raise awareness of the UK’s work to tackle the issue. Our team in Germany, for example, hosted an event back in May with Dame Sally to promote the Longitude Prize to potential German competitors, and Switzerland hosted a similar event at the prestigious Campus Biotech in Geneva on 7 December. For those of you who don’t know about the Longitude Prize, it is a £10m prize managed by NESTA to encourage innovation to develop a rapid diagnostic tool that can differentiate between bacterial and viral infections – something which would help reduce the overuse of antibiotics, which greatly contributes to resistance.
But back to how resistance spreads – or understanding transmission dynamics, as the experts say. This is a topic that the UK’s Medical Research Council (MRC) in collaboration with the EU’s Joint Programming Initiative on AMR has identified as one of the key areas we need to investigate further. And what is interesting about transmission is that you need to get a lot of different people with different expertise in the room – not just bacteriologists and clinicians, but veterinarians, environmental scientists and mathematical modellers too. And it needs to be an international affair. That was why the S&I Network teams in France and Germany teamed up with the MRC in collaboration with the JPI-AMR to organise a workshop to bring together a diverse group of scientists who have different pockets of expertise in order to determine what research is required to understand the transmission dynamics of resistance. At the workshop in Berlin in October 2015 chaired by Professor Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn, we heard from specialists about transmission within the hospital setting, as well as scientists working to understand how resistance is disseminated in the environment and others who look at how transfer occurs between animals and humans. At the event in Switzerland, Marie-Paule Kieny, Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Innovation at the WHO, echoed the significant role of waste water in dissemination. On both occasions, we were also lucky enough to have Dame Sally Davies come to set out how she and others are explaining to politicians across the globe about why we need multidisciplinary research around transmission to build up an evidence base for effective policymaking. It is always great to see the reactions from the researchers: glad to have someone advocating the necessity of their work at the highest levels.
At the end of one of these workshops, I always get the sense that I have really started to understand the topics under discussion. But as time goes on and I start to concentrate on other work strands I start to forget what the real challenges are. That’s why it is always good to have a reminder at hand to explain it again. And so I leave you with a short video from Dame Sally about why the One Health approach is so important – because unfortunately bugs don’t work in silos…
You can watch more videos of experts who presented at the workshop here
The complexity of having to act on all fronts, I would say!
At the Longitude Prize launch in Geneva (@longitude_prize ), we had the opportunity to hear about the WHO integrated strategic global action plan, and how it is delivered at every level. There are many aspects to its implementation, for example in surveillance, effective sanitation, optimised use of antibiotics in humans and animals, increased innovation in diagnostics and need for new medicine. Both Dame Sally Davies and Marie-Paule Kieny explained how small and big initiatives include everyone to be part of the solution to what is truly a global threat: for example restaurant chains can stop routine use of antibiotics in their meat supply. Physicians can better follow tests results and help gather evidence and share data on bacteria resistance. People can reduce risks of transmission and infection through basic effective hygiene or change bad habits of systematically wanting antibiotics for a quick fix and not finishing treatments correctly.
The SIN sponsored Longitude Prize event focused on developing a new type of diagnostic tool for AMR. Brigitte Dacosta from BioMerieux was just coming back from Africa and she emphasised the need for developing tools for health settings with limited resources: limited electricity, care facilities, trained staff, distribution networks and very decentralised, which doesn’t make sharing data very easy. I could see people in the room ready to rise up to the challenge: industry committed to improving commercial solutions, start-ups looking for partnerships, and as you say, researchers contributing with their experience, glad the looming crisis is getting addressed at the highest, global level.